- 目錄
第1篇 扛得住艱難，才能配得上夢想演講稿
本期演講嘉賓：余華
我自認(rèn)為我是個(gè)不甘平庸之人 也滿懷一腔熱血 自入校以來學(xué)到更多的是為人處事與驚覺不變的閱歷 也抓住了許多機(jī)遇走到今天 越發(fā)明確了'要么出局 要么出眾'的生活態(tài)度。
推薦理由：
他積極投身學(xué)生會(huì)日常管理工作 也多次參加志愿者服務(wù)活動(dòng) 擁有一定的為人處事與隨機(jī)應(yīng)變能力 在工作中有較強(qiáng)的責(zé)任心落實(shí)到每一件事 在工作中發(fā)出疑問 面對(duì)困難進(jìn)行自主發(fā)現(xiàn)自主突破 有獨(dú)立思考解決問題的能力 在班級(jí)中也協(xié)助老師開展各項(xiàng)日常工作事務(wù) 為學(xué)部為班級(jí)的發(fā)展盡力獻(xiàn)力。
——朱濤
本期演講主題
敬愛的老師、親愛的同學(xué)們：
大家早上好，我是17機(jī)電大專班的 今天國旗下講話的主題是扛得住艱難，才配得上夢想。
六月正攜精高考悄然走來。臨考之際，留給高三學(xué)長學(xué)姐們的時(shí)間所剩無兒。此時(shí)與他們最重要的，是心態(tài)。
戰(zhàn)國策有言'行百步者半于九十，此言末路之難也'.三年來，一路風(fēng)南將盡，知識(shí)早已翻過一-輪又-輪，題庫早已刷過一-遍又一遍。技能考、理論考，一輪輪的沖刷，想必他們已經(jīng)心中有數(shù)、胸有成竹。接下來的幾天里，各種情緒是否會(huì)如潮水般涌上心頭？有人說最困難之時(shí)，就是整裝待發(fā)時(shí)：而最困難之時(shí)也是離成功不遠(yuǎn)之時(shí)。高考在即，壓力難免，所以如何看待壓力和競爭？是把它作為包袱還是變壓力為動(dòng)力？在競爭中展示自己的才華和智慧，來回報(bào)自己無數(shù)個(gè)日夜的辛苦和汗水。
常言道分耕耘分收獲。他們付出的每份汗都將贏得回報(bào)。 在考試中的每一分都有可能改變一個(gè)人的一生，所以更要沉著細(xì)心、全力以赴。雖然他們大部分尚不知將去何方，或許心中有些忐忑不安，但'盡吾志也而不能至者，可以無悔矣'.曾為之努力拼搏過，便無怨無悔，無所畏懼。
高二預(yù)科班的學(xué)長學(xué)姐們，也將進(jìn)入高三的緊張學(xué)習(xí)中。無疑，高三的學(xué)習(xí)是辛苦的，但可以學(xué)中求樂、快樂學(xué)習(xí)。作為準(zhǔn)高三，要有明確的高考目標(biāo)：應(yīng)從現(xiàn)在開始行動(dòng)，今日事今日畢：會(huì)合理利用時(shí)間；能夠調(diào)控好心態(tài)；迎難而上，我們相信有志者事竟成滿懷信心，躊躇滿志的走進(jìn)高三。將用'天生我材必有用'的自信，'鐵杵磨成針'的毅力，去編織屬于你們的精彩篇章。
而對(duì)于高-的同學(xué)來說，高考并不遙遠(yuǎn)。萬丈高樓平地起，堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)的建立至關(guān)重要，踏踏實(shí)實(shí)走好每一步，才能走得更穩(wěn)更遠(yuǎn)。我們要立足當(dāng)下、志在未來。'最無益莫過于一日哪十日寒，若有恒阿必三更眠壓更起'.天道酬勤，將來的你定會(huì)感謝現(xiàn)在拼搏的自己。
高三學(xué)子們，寒窗苦讀，沉淀了他們知識(shí)的底蘊(yùn)；挑燈夜戰(zhàn)，使他們遠(yuǎn)征的行囊載滿學(xué)識(shí)。如今，十年磨劍，終到了一展鋒芒之時(shí)。我們相信，千淘萬漉雖辛苦，吹進(jìn)黃沙到金！預(yù)祝高三同學(xué)馬到成功，金榜題名！
我的講話到此結(jié)束，謝謝大家！
'談及高三，很多人會(huì)說：那是有夢想的一年。為夢想付出的苦和累，日后都會(huì)化為一種甘甜。又到一年高考季，愿你們，愿你們合上筆蓋的那一刻，都有著戰(zhàn)士收刀入鞘的驕傲。以夢為馬，隨處可棲。金榜題名，圓夢六月。'
拼一載春秋，博一生無悔
青霄有路終須到，金榜無名誓不還
最后，預(yù)祝本屆高三學(xué)子考取自己心儀的大學(xué)，開啟人生新的征程。
愿歷盡千帆，歸來仍少年。
愿你御風(fēng)破浪歷盡千帆，歸來仍是少年
愿有人陪你顛沛流離，以夢為馬，隨處可棲
愿你有盔甲也有軟肋，善良的有原則，感性的有底線。
愿你走出半生，歸來仍是少年。
第2篇 藥企慶祝建國60周年演講稿：漸入正途的艱難之路
藥企慶祝建國60周年演講稿：漸入正途的艱難之路
--中國藥企60年發(fā)展分析
在中國醫(yī)藥產(chǎn)業(yè)近60年的發(fā)展進(jìn)程中，既經(jīng)歷過封閉的獨(dú)立自主的發(fā)展階段，又在經(jīng)歷著不得不面對(duì)國際藥業(yè)全球格局的階段，這一進(jìn)程對(duì)于中國企業(yè)來說，有著多重意義，而中國制藥業(yè)的發(fā)展軌跡和特征，也值得稍作梳理。
在當(dāng)前階段，已經(jīng)沒有充足的時(shí)間留給中國的制藥企業(yè)去轉(zhuǎn)型、調(diào)整和應(yīng)對(duì)，而同時(shí)又存在體制、環(huán)境和人才諸多方面的困境，如何在困境中把握來自于全局的機(jī)遇，敢于面對(duì)必然的挑戰(zhàn)，從歷史和發(fā)展中總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，突破困境，是擺在每一個(gè)企業(yè)面前的艱難選擇。
商業(yè)開放：第一代藥企突圍
在計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代的中國醫(yī)藥行業(yè)，從中央到地方，慣例模式是醫(yī)藥（西藥）、中藥材兩大版塊分列，商業(yè)功能則由從國家醫(yī)藥公司、國家藥材公司至上而下的三級(jí)醫(yī)藥站調(diào)撥方式完成。在這一階段，對(duì)于制藥企業(yè)而言，是只具備簡單的工業(yè)企業(yè)職能的，而目前所流行的營銷和銷售兩個(gè)模塊，則是由國家統(tǒng)一包了的。在20世紀(jì)80年代末之前，全國的制藥企業(yè)只有幾百家，從特定角度來說，中國醫(yī)藥工業(yè)的發(fā)展在國家調(diào)控的指揮棒之下，有著井然的秩序。
這個(gè)秩序的打破，肇因于中國全社會(huì)改革開放浪潮的開始和壯大。在上世紀(jì)80年代中后期，一如所有的市場經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律，新型商業(yè)流通模式的發(fā)展帶來變革的壓力，這時(shí)的制藥工業(yè)企業(yè)，面臨著來自于上下兩方面的壓力，一方面上游供應(yīng)商的原材料價(jià)格上漲積壓利潤空間，一方面是下游的藥品流通領(lǐng)域企業(yè)的市場化發(fā)展競爭突破了計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)的調(diào)撥模式，不斷壓低藥品價(jià)格。
可以說這一時(shí)期中國制藥企業(yè)的最初變革是被動(dòng)的，迫于生存的壓力開始了第一步的市場化探索，不得不從計(jì)劃調(diào)撥模式走向工業(yè)自銷模式。
當(dāng)時(shí)的工業(yè)自銷狀況，尚距離現(xiàn)代醫(yī)藥營銷概念差之甚遠(yuǎn)，最典型的方式無過于各種各樣的藥品交易會(huì)。自古以來，中國在中藥材交易領(lǐng)域就有藥市交易的傳統(tǒng)，由此，一些傳統(tǒng)的藥市交易地成為最初的藥品交易會(huì)興盛地，諸如河南百泉藥交會(huì)和江西樟樹藥交會(huì)等，這直接導(dǎo)致了全國各地大辦藥交會(huì)局面的出現(xiàn)，中國制藥業(yè)的市場化探索就這樣邁出了第一步。
不得不提的是，最初階段的制藥企業(yè)發(fā)展，尚具備市場化初期的純樸性和單一性。產(chǎn)品療效的好壞是競爭主線，回扣和帶金銷售尚沒有大規(guī)模產(chǎn)生。而也如一貫的市場經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律，在不同地域和不同的大類用藥領(lǐng)域，也在逐步形成較具規(guī)模的制藥企業(yè)，諸如傳統(tǒng)的四大制藥企業(yè)等。這時(shí)的醫(yī)藥行業(yè)從業(yè)人員，素質(zhì)普遍較高，皆為從計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代一步一步扎實(shí)走過來的老藥人，有著樸素而厚實(shí)的道德素養(yǎng)。
廣告大戰(zhàn)：第二代藥企崛起
到80年代末，中國制藥業(yè)出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)具有代表性的轉(zhuǎn)折期，這是一個(gè)危害至今的發(fā)展階段。
由于當(dāng)時(shí)的醫(yī)藥購銷兩旺，以及越來越大的國民健康需求的發(fā)展。中國制藥業(yè)在80年代中后期步入了第一個(gè)行業(yè)整體發(fā)展的黃金期，巨大的市場需求和利潤空間導(dǎo)致各地方利益集團(tuán)（主要是政府）開始大建藥廠，進(jìn)入中國制藥業(yè)，由此，在短短不到10年的時(shí)間之內(nèi)，中國制藥工業(yè)企業(yè)數(shù)量由最初的幾百家飆升到5 500多家，行業(yè)從業(yè)人員良莠不齊。
反思這個(gè)發(fā)展，有三個(gè)大的原因不得不說，一個(gè)是中國當(dāng)時(shí)尚不具備成形的專利保護(hù)法系，藥廠產(chǎn)品的泛濫一發(fā)不可收，無論是中藥還是西藥，都大量出現(xiàn)了同一產(chǎn)品可以由上百家藥廠出產(chǎn)的情況。另一個(gè)原因則是中央政府對(duì)于新藥廠建設(shè)沒有設(shè)置有效的準(zhǔn)入制度，小規(guī)模的投入即可建立一個(gè)土作坊似的藥品生產(chǎn)點(diǎn)。第三個(gè)原因則是當(dāng)時(shí)中國尚沒有形成完整的全國統(tǒng)一市場，區(qū)塊劃分嚴(yán)重，而地方利益集團(tuán)勢力強(qiáng)大，導(dǎo)致中國藥品的生產(chǎn)和營銷也成嚴(yán)重的區(qū)塊劃分態(tài)勢，每一個(gè)區(qū)塊內(nèi)制藥企業(yè)和商業(yè)企業(yè)都大量無序繁衍。
由此可見，從一個(gè)特殊角度來說，中國制藥業(yè)仿制藥盛行和產(chǎn)品低水平重復(fù)的局面，其實(shí)來自于中國藥業(yè)無序的自由市場競爭。也由此可見，在中國諸多行業(yè)發(fā)展的經(jīng)驗(yàn)中，國家意志主導(dǎo)和骨干企業(yè)資本介入兩種有效的模式都未曾在制藥行業(yè)內(nèi)有效發(fā)揮作用。而由此產(chǎn)生的“哈藥”模式，只不過企業(yè)在無所助力的環(huán)境中尋找的一個(gè)大膽又冒險(xiǎn)的突破口。
中國制藥行業(yè)的發(fā)展，開始躍入以廣告投放量計(jì)算發(fā)展的時(shí)代，這個(gè)時(shí)代一直延續(xù)至今，存留下來的記憶，好的藥品和企業(yè)品牌似乎都已經(jīng)沒有了痕跡，能夠想到的，只是保健品時(shí)代的旺盛。廣告透支的副作用也極其嚴(yán)重，藥廠泛濫導(dǎo)致的廣告泛濫直接摧毀了消費(fèi)者對(duì)于藥品的信任，也直接導(dǎo)致了藥品消費(fèi)更加依賴于醫(yī)院和醫(yī)生處方。
在進(jìn)入20__年之后，政府不得不逐漸出面制定關(guān)于藥品廣告方面的漸漸嚴(yán)厲的法規(guī)，保健品退居為食字號(hào)，處方藥已經(jīng)不能在絕大多數(shù)媒體刊登廣告，抗生素開始限售，這一系列規(guī)制的出臺(tái)，也宣告了中國藥業(yè)以廣告投放為特征的市場突圍宣告失敗。
資本重組： 第三代藥企格局
在20__年前后，也即中國政府就加入wto做最后努力的時(shí)刻，作為一個(gè)不算大的行業(yè)領(lǐng)域，中國制藥業(yè)面臨即將到來的wto時(shí)代的諸多可能的深度沖擊，在這樣一個(gè)誘因之下，再加之中國改革開放發(fā)展所帶來的旺盛國內(nèi)需求，中國藥業(yè)掀起了一輪國內(nèi)資本的并購重組浪潮。
這一輪資本重組有幾個(gè)鮮明的特征。一是以搶占市場格局為側(cè)重點(diǎn)，二是以搶占區(qū)域市場主導(dǎo)優(yōu)勢為側(cè)重點(diǎn)。這兩個(gè)側(cè)重點(diǎn)的選擇，依然是基于市場導(dǎo)向選擇，從而掀起了一場資本層面的混戰(zhàn)，這一波重組浪潮也可以看作是中國制藥業(yè)對(duì)自己尚不熟悉的資本操作層面的一次探索，成功者少，失敗者多也成為必然。三九集團(tuán)，北京雙鶴藥業(yè)，華源集團(tuán)等都在“做大”和“做強(qiáng)”的辯證關(guān)系中倒了下去?？傮w而言，在這一輪資本運(yùn)作之后，全國以主要的區(qū)域市場為中心，依然形成了一系列較大的制藥集團(tuán)。
當(dāng)然，也有較為成功的個(gè)案。醫(yī)藥商業(yè)領(lǐng)域最為成功的個(gè)案即使海王星辰連鎖藥店布局，海王星辰20__年與美國美信合資成立美信醫(yī)藥連鎖，20__年又獲高盛4000萬投資，而其中核心，則在于海王星辰通過外資的介入，直接移植了國外成熟的連鎖藥店經(jīng)營模式，也較好的逐步穩(wěn)固了自己的幾個(gè)主要區(qū)域布局和物流體系。
商業(yè)領(lǐng)域的較多成功案例并不能掩飾在制藥工業(yè)領(lǐng)域的弱勢。這一弱勢的深層根源，依然在于行業(yè)整體極弱的藥品研發(fā)創(chuàng)新能力，收購和重組新的企業(yè)，并不能帶來研發(fā)體系的新的變革，帶來的只是規(guī)模的增大和銷售額的單純上升，而存在于收購之前企業(yè)內(nèi)的諸多問題，依然沒有解決之道。
可惜的是，這一輪的追求規(guī)模型的資本浪潮之后，有相當(dāng)一部分企業(yè)和行業(yè)精英人士已經(jīng)在深入思考。這種思考直接帶來了另外一個(gè)層面的資本運(yùn)作，即引入新品種，打造初步的研發(fā)能力以及初步的臨床學(xué)術(shù)理念。由此，資本運(yùn)作也開始真正觸及到中國制藥業(yè)真正的短板所在。
臨床導(dǎo)向：第四代藥企雛形
如果說前三代的中國醫(yī)藥企業(yè)發(fā)展，都是在市場和營銷的層面產(chǎn)生巨大變革的話，那么今天的中國醫(yī)藥行業(yè)，在經(jīng)歷一系列的苦難之后，已經(jīng)有部分企業(yè)開始直面自己的短板之處。這個(gè)短板，就是始終繞不過去的新藥研發(fā)能力。中國制藥行業(yè)起家于抗生素原料藥行業(yè)，后又發(fā)展起門類齊全的仿制藥工業(yè)，如果說在中國發(fā)展的初期，這種跟隨性的后發(fā)優(yōu)勢是中國制藥業(yè)可以快速發(fā)展壯大的必然途徑。那么在今天，行業(yè)的大格局和背景已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大變化，在新的變化下，過分拘泥于傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，即是落后。
如果單純以制藥外企進(jìn)入中國的時(shí)間來看，中國制藥業(yè)是對(duì)外開放較早的行業(yè)之一，早在80年代，諸如西安楊森就已進(jìn)入中國市場。但中國制藥業(yè)依然在兩個(gè)強(qiáng)大的背負(fù)下不能放手融入全球制藥業(yè)市場：一是保護(hù)中國弱小的仿制藥工業(yè)，二是保證中國民眾的用藥安全。無論是投資、合資領(lǐng)域，研發(fā)領(lǐng)域還是商業(yè)領(lǐng)域，中國人的一系列不開放姿態(tài)導(dǎo)致了到今天為止一個(gè)奇怪的局面。制藥外企依然在中國取得了很好的發(fā)展，但中國制藥工業(yè)并未如其它行業(yè)諸如汽車工業(yè)那樣從合資合作中取得自身的長足發(fā)展。一面是中國制藥企業(yè)的軍閥混戰(zhàn)，一面是制藥外企攜原研藥品的長驅(qū)直入不可阻擋。
但希望總是在的。制藥外企所帶來的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依然為部分中國企業(yè)所感受和學(xué)習(xí)。這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)的核心就是，建立基于原研藥的生產(chǎn)研發(fā)體系，建立基于原研藥的市場銷售策略。在這兩個(gè)方面，已經(jīng)有相當(dāng)一部分中國企業(yè)開始了自己的征途。
_____天普生化醫(yī)藥股份有限公司無疑就是其中一個(gè)最具典型代表性的個(gè)案。傅和亮最先從事于新藥研發(fā)工作，創(chuàng)業(yè)起家，公司的主要產(chǎn)品包括一類新藥凱力康（尤瑞克林）、二類新藥天普洛安（烏司他?。?，這些主力藥品都取得了良好的市場成績，并且發(fā)展迅速。以傅和亮的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來看，天普的發(fā)展，恰恰是走過了截然不同的兩個(gè)階段，最初以傳統(tǒng)銷售模式拉動(dòng)的天普幾個(gè)省份辦事處，已經(jīng)衰落；而最新的上海，江浙、北京等地以臨床學(xué)術(shù)理念營銷為主的辦事處，則處于極速上升期。產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)秀加上臨床學(xué)術(shù)理念營銷為主的新模式，讓天普得以煥然一新。同時(shí)20__年天普作為一家創(chuàng)業(yè)型小型企業(yè)，獲得上海實(shí)業(yè)的51％的股份投資，又在資金層面獲得強(qiáng)助。有證券公司分析，_____天普將在未來3年之內(nèi)突破銷售額10億元，成長為中國最大的生物制藥公司。
_____天普，先聲藥業(yè)等的成功，恰恰代表了新型國內(nèi)制藥企業(yè)的崛起，這個(gè)“新”就凸顯在企業(yè)本身已經(jīng)回歸到最為根本的藥物研發(fā)創(chuàng)新能力主線上，這一回歸的過程中充滿艱難坎坷，但確是中國制藥企業(yè)不得不付出的成本和必須打好的基礎(chǔ)。
談起這一批新型企業(yè)來，有幾個(gè)共同點(diǎn)不得不說，一是有藥物研發(fā)相關(guān)經(jīng)歷的經(jīng)營人才或歸國人士大多主導(dǎo)或者參與企業(yè)的發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)型，這一部分精英視野開闊，不受中國醫(yī)藥行業(yè)積病所困；二是企業(yè)團(tuán)隊(duì)具有優(yōu)秀的文化，有藥物研發(fā)和學(xué)術(shù)營銷的經(jīng)驗(yàn)；三是善于利用資本工具獲取所需的新藥品或者國外直接的營銷經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｊ?；四是大多目前尚處于起步期，?guī)模偏小，但成長速度極快。
第3篇 ted英語演講：你該如何面對(duì)艱難的選擇
面對(duì)困難的選擇，我們一開始就錯(cuò)了
演講者：ruth chang
think of a hard choice you'll face in the near future. it might be between two careers--artist and accountant--or places to live--the city or the country--or even between two people to marry--you could marry betty or you could marry lolita. or it might be a choice about whether to have children, to have an ailing parent move in with you, to raise your child in a religion that your partner lives by but leaves you cold. or whether to donate your life savings to charity.
設(shè)想在不久的未來，你將面對(duì)一個(gè)艱難的決定。這也許是在兩份職業(yè)中做出一個(gè)選擇，藝術(shù)家還是會(huì)計(jì)師;也許是選擇居住的地方，城市還是鄉(xiāng)村;也許是在兩個(gè)人中選擇和誰結(jié)婚，betty 或者是lolita;抑或思考是否要孩子;是否讓年老體衰的父母跟你一起住;是否讓你的孩子信奉你配偶信仰的宗教，即便你會(huì)因自身不信奉而被冷落;又或者說，是否將畢生積儲(chǔ)捐贈(zèng)給慈善機(jī)構(gòu)。
chances are, the hard choice you thought of was something big, something momentous, something that matters to you. hard choices seem to be occasions for agonizing, hand-wringing, the gnashing of teeth. but i think we've misunderstood hard choices and the role they play in our lives. understanding hard choicesuncovers a hidden power each of us possesses.
有可能，你所思考的這些艱難抉擇都十分龐大，十分重要你也十分重視。每當(dāng)困難的選擇出現(xiàn)，他都會(huì)讓你感到痛苦、絕望，讓你咬牙切齒。但我認(rèn)為我們誤解了艱難抉擇的定義，更誤解了其在我們生活中扮演的角色。倘若能理解這些艱難決定，我們每個(gè)人便會(huì)發(fā)掘出 一種隱藏的潛力。
what makes a choice hard is the way the alternatives relate. in any easy choice, one alternative is better than the other. in a hard choice, one alternative is better in some ways, the other alternative is better in other ways, and neither is better than the other overall. you agonize over whether to stay in your current job in the city or uproot your life for more challenging work in the country, because staying is better in some ways,moving is better in others, and neither is better than the other overall.
一個(gè)抉擇之所以難是由于選項(xiàng)之間相互關(guān)聯(lián)。任何簡單的抉擇中，總有一種選擇比另一種要好?？稍谄D難抉擇中，一種選擇在某些方面較好，另一種選擇在其他方面較好，二者各有千秋讓人無法定奪。你痛苦地糾結(jié)于應(yīng)該繼續(xù)呆在這座城市里干這份工作，還是改變一下你的生活方式到鄉(xiāng)村去接受更具挑戰(zhàn)性的工作，因?yàn)榱粝掠辛粝碌暮锰?，離開也有好處，兩種選擇各有千秋難以定奪。
we shouldn't think that all hard choices are big. let's say you're deciding what to have for breakfast. you could have high fiber bran cereal or a chocolate donut. suppose what matters in the choice is tastiness and healthfulness. the cereal is better for you, the donut tastes way better, but neither is better than the other overall, a hard choice.
我們不應(yīng)該認(rèn)為所有的艱難抉擇都很龐大。打個(gè)比方，你正決定吃什么早餐。你可以吃高纖維全谷干麥片，或者吃巧克力甜甜圈。假設(shè)在此抉擇中的決定性因素是美味程度和健康程度。麥片對(duì)你身體好，甜甜圈卻好吃很多，但兩者都有自身優(yōu)勢，這就是一個(gè)艱難抉擇。
realizing that small choices can also be hard, may make big hard choices seem less intractable. after all, we manage to figure out what to have for breakfast, so maybe we can figure out whether to stay in the city or uproot for the new job in the country.
如果意識(shí)到小的選擇也可能會(huì)變得困難，那面對(duì)大的艱難抉擇時(shí)我們可能就不會(huì)覺得那么棘手了。畢竟，我們總能決定早餐吃什么，所以我們也許能夠想明白，究竟要留在市區(qū)，還是到鄉(xiāng)下接手新的工作。
we also shouldn't think that hard choices are hard because we are stupid. when i graduated from college, i couldn't decide between two careers, philosophy and law. i really loved philosophy. there are amazing things you can learn as a philosopher, and all from the comfort of an armchair. but i came from a modest immigrant family where my idea of lu_ury was having a pork tongue and jelly sandwich in my school lunchbo_, so the thought of spending my whole life sitting around in armchairs just thinking ... well, that struck me as the height of e_travagance and frivolity.
同時(shí)，我們也不應(yīng)該覺得，選擇之所以難是因?yàn)樽约汉苡薮?。在我剛大學(xué)畢業(yè)的時(shí)候，我無法從兩種職業(yè)中抉擇，哲學(xué)還是法律。我真心喜歡哲學(xué)，若能成為哲學(xué)家，便能學(xué)到很多驚奇的東西，而且舒舒服服地坐在椅子上就好?？晌页錾砸粋€(gè)樸實(shí)簡素的移民家庭，我對(duì)奢侈的概念，就是能在上學(xué)的午餐盒里找到一塊豬舌和一份果凍三明治。所以這種一輩子僅坐在椅子上思考的想法，其實(shí)，對(duì)我來說只是一種奢侈和輕浮的假象罷了。
so i got out my yellow pad, i drew a line down the middle, and i tried my best to think of the reasons for and against each alternative. i remember thinking to myself, if only i knew what my life in each career would be like. if only god or netfli_ would send me a dvd of my two possible future careers, i'd be set. i'd compare them side by side, i'd see that one was better, and the choice would be easy.
所以我拿出自己黃色筆記本，在中間劃了一條線，然后竭盡所能地寫出每種選擇的利與弊。當(dāng)時(shí)我就想：如果能知道選擇某種職業(yè)后我的人生會(huì)變成怎樣就好了。如果上帝或者網(wǎng)飛公司能送我一張dvd來向我描述這兩種充滿可能性的職業(yè)生涯，那我就能做出選擇了。我就能一一對(duì)比，看看哪種更好，這樣一來抉擇就簡單多了。
but i got no dvd, and because i couldn't figure out which was better, i did what many of us do in hard choices: i took the safest option. fear of being an unemployed philosopher led me to become a lawyer, and as i discovered, lawyering didn't quite fit. it wasn't who i was.
但我沒有收到這種dvd，而且由于我實(shí)在想不出哪一種更優(yōu)，我就和大多數(shù)人一樣：選擇了最安全的一項(xiàng)。成為失業(yè)哲學(xué)家的恐懼，驅(qū)使我成了一名律師?？珊髞砦野l(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)律師不大適合我，這不是真正的我。
so now i'm a philosopher, and i study hard choices, and i can tell you, that fear of the unknown, while a common motivational default in dealing with hard choices, rests on a misconception of them.
所以我現(xiàn)在是名哲學(xué)家，我鉆研艱難抉擇，我可以告訴大家，對(duì)未知產(chǎn)生恐懼是在進(jìn)行困難抉擇時(shí)的自然反應(yīng)，而這種恐懼來源于對(duì)艱難抉擇的誤解。
it's a mistake to think that in hard choices, one alternative really is better than the other, but we're too stupid to know which, and since we don't know which, we might as well take the least risky option. even taking two alternatives side by side with full information, a choice can still be hard. hard choices are hard not because of us or our ignorance; they're hard because there is no best option.
我們不應(yīng)該認(rèn)為，在艱難抉擇中某種選擇總會(huì)會(huì)比另一種好，可我們自身太愚蠢，所以無法辨別，那既然我們無法定奪，倒不如選風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最小的那項(xiàng)。就算你完全了解了兩種選項(xiàng)并將其一一對(duì)照，你仍然很難決定。選擇之所以難，不是因?yàn)槲覀儫o知;難的原因在于沒有最優(yōu)選項(xiàng)。
now, if there's no best option, if the scales don't tip in favor of one alternative over another, then surely the alternatives must be equally good. so maybe the right thing to say in hard choices is that they're between equally good options. but that can't be right. if alternatives are equally good, you should just flip a coin between them, and it seems a mistake to think, here's how you should decide between careers, places to live, people to marry: flip a coin.
那么，如果沒有最佳項(xiàng)，如果衡量的天秤不會(huì)傾向于 任何一方，那么任何選項(xiàng)都一定是好的。所以面對(duì)艱難抉擇，可能正確的思維方式，就是認(rèn)為選項(xiàng)雙方一樣好。這種想法肯定不對(duì)。如果選項(xiàng)都一樣好，那還不如直接拋硬幣算了，這樣就會(huì)產(chǎn)生思想誤區(qū)，讓你認(rèn)為自己選擇事業(yè)、住處、婚嫁時(shí)都拋硬幣選擇就好了。
there's another reason for thinking that hard choices aren't choices between equally good options. suppose you have a choice between two jobs: you could be an investment banker or a graphic artist. there are a variety of things that matter in such a choice, like the e_citement of the work, achieving financial security,having time to raise a family, and so on.
還有另外一個(gè)原因，使艱難選擇并非是在同等好的選項(xiàng)中抉擇。 假設(shè)你要在兩份工作中挑選： 你可以做投資銀行家，或做平面設(shè)計(jì)師。在這個(gè)選擇當(dāng)中有頗多決定性因素，譬如工作帶來的興奮程度、能獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)保障、顧家時(shí)間等等。
maybe the artist's career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of pictorial e_pression. maybe the banking career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of financial manipulation.
也許藝術(shù)家這個(gè)職業(yè)能讓你接觸最前沿的圖像表達(dá)技術(shù)?；蛟S當(dāng)銀行家你就能接觸最前端的金融操縱手段。你可以想象任何兩種你喜歡的職業(yè)，但兩者都不會(huì)比另一方好的。
imagine the two jobs however you like, so that neither is better than the other.now suppose we improve one of them, a bit. suppose the bank, wooing you, adds 500 dollars a month to your salary. does the e_tra money now make the banking job better than the artist one? not necessarily. a higher salary makes the banking job better than it was before, but it might not be enough to make being a banker better than being an artist.
現(xiàn)在，假設(shè)我們能稍微改進(jìn)其中的一方。假設(shè)一間銀行嘗試討好你，在你的月薪里增加500美元。這一筆額外的金錢會(huì)不會(huì)讓這份銀行家的工作優(yōu)于當(dāng)藝術(shù)家呢?說不準(zhǔn)。更高的薪酬讓銀行家的工作優(yōu)于以前，但額外薪水不一定足夠讓成為銀行家變得比成為藝術(shù)家好。
but if an improvement in one of the jobs doesn't make it better than the other, then the two original jobs could not have been equally good. if you start with two things that are equally good, and you improve one of them, it now must be better than the other. that's not the case with options in hard choices.
可如果對(duì)其中一種職業(yè)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)后結(jié)果并沒有讓一方優(yōu)于另一方，那么兩種選擇本身就不可能是一樣好。如果兩件事一開始都同等的好 ，當(dāng)你改進(jìn)了其中一件，那它就一定會(huì)優(yōu)于另一個(gè)。在艱難抉擇中并非如此。
so now we've got a puzzle. we've got two jobs. neither is better than the other, nor are they equally good.so how are we supposed to choose? something seems to have gone wrong here. maybe the choice itself is problematic, and comparison is impossible. but that can't be right. it's not like we're trying to choose between two things that can't be compared. we're weighing the merits of two jobs, after all, not the merits of the number nine and a plate of fried eggs. a comparison of the overall merits of two jobs is something we can make, and one we often do make.
那么現(xiàn)在我們就有一個(gè)疑惑了。這兩份工作，沒有一方能完勝另一方，但又不是同等的好。究竟該怎么選擇呢? 貌似有些事情出錯(cuò)了。可能選項(xiàng)的本身就存在問題，導(dǎo)致我們無法比較。但這也不對(duì)啊。我們并不是要在兩種不能被對(duì)比的事物間選擇。我們說到底是在衡量兩份工作的利弊，不是對(duì)比數(shù)字9和 一盤煎雞蛋的好處。對(duì)比兩份工作的總體優(yōu)勢是我們能做到的，也是我們經(jīng)常做的事。
i think the puzzle arises because of an unreflective assumption we make about value. we unwittingly assume that values like justice, beauty, kindness, are akin to scientific quantities, like length, mass and weight. take any comparative question not involving value, such as which of two suitcases is heavier. there are only three possibilities.
我認(rèn)為疑惑產(chǎn)生的原因源于一種我們對(duì)價(jià)值的草率設(shè)想。我們不知不覺地認(rèn)為，諸如正義、美麗、善良的價(jià)值觀都與一些科學(xué)度量類似，都能被量度，譬如長度、質(zhì)量、重量。試想一個(gè)與價(jià)值觀毫不相關(guān)的比較，例如兩個(gè)行李箱中哪個(gè)更重。僅有三種可能性。
the weight of one is greater, lesser or equal to the weight of the other. properties like weight can be represented by real numbers -- one, two, three and so on -- and there are only three possible comparisons between any two real numbers. one number is greater, lesser, or equal to the other.not so with values.
其中一個(gè)的重量大于、小于 或等于另一個(gè)。像重量這樣的性質(zhì)能夠用真實(shí)的數(shù)字來表達(dá)——1,2,3…… 而且在兩個(gè)數(shù)字間的比較中只有三種可能。一個(gè)數(shù)字大于、小于或等于另一個(gè)數(shù)字價(jià)值觀卻不是如此。
as post-enlightenment creatures, we tend to assume that scientific thinking holds the key to everything of importance in our world, but the world of value is different from the world of science. the stuff of the one world can be quantified by real numbers. the stuff of the other world can't. we shouldn't assume that the world of is, of lengths and weights, has the same structure as the world of ought, of what we should do.
作為后啟蒙時(shí)期的生物，我們總是設(shè)想科學(xué)思維可以解決世界上一切重要的問題，但價(jià)值觀的世界不同于科學(xué)的世界?？茖W(xué)界中， 一切事物可被數(shù)字度量?？蓛r(jià)值觀的世界中卻不能。我們不能認(rèn)為充斥著“是否”、“長度”和“重量”的數(shù)字世界與“該不該”和“該做什么”的價(jià)值世界有著同樣的架構(gòu)。
so if what matters to us -- a child's delight, the love you have for your partner — can't be represented by real numbers, then there's no reason to believe that in choice, there are only three possibilities -- that one alternative is better, worse or equal to the other. we need to introduce a new, fourth relation beyond being better, worse or equal, that describes what's going on in hard choices. i like to say that the alternatives are 'on a par.'
所以，如果我們覺得重要的東西，如：孩子的幸福、對(duì)另一半的愛，不能用數(shù)字來表示， 那么我們就沒有理由相信， 在抉擇過程中只有三種可能性： 其中一選項(xiàng)總會(huì)優(yōu)于、劣于或等于另一項(xiàng)。我們需要一種全新的思考維度，第四種關(guān)系除了優(yōu)于、劣于和等于之外，第四種關(guān)系能描述艱難抉擇的運(yùn)行模式。我偏好把各選項(xiàng)看做 “等價(jià)”。
when alternatives are on a par, it may matter very much which you choose, but one alternative isn't better than the other. rather, the alternatives are in the same neighborhood of value, in the same league of value, while at the same time being very different in kind of value. that's why the choice is hard.
當(dāng)所有選項(xiàng)等價(jià)時(shí)，你的選擇就變得極為重要，但選項(xiàng)本身卻沒有哪個(gè)比其他的好。反之，所有的選擇項(xiàng)都有類似的價(jià)值，都處于同一種價(jià)值范疇當(dāng)中，但同時(shí)他們又具有不同的價(jià)值。這正是讓選擇變得困難的原因。
understanding hard choices in this way uncovers something about ourselves we didn't know. each of us has the power to create reasons. imagine a world in which every choice you face is an easy choice, that is, there's always a best alternative. if there's a best alternative, then that's the one you should choose,because part of being rational is doing the better thing rather than the worse thing, choosing what you have most reason to choose.
如此理解艱難抉擇，我們就會(huì)在自己身上發(fā)現(xiàn)一些意料之外的東西。我們每個(gè)人都有能力去創(chuàng)造理由。想象一下若在某個(gè)世界中你只需面對(duì)簡單抉擇，那么，永遠(yuǎn)都有最佳項(xiàng)。若有最佳項(xiàng)，你就應(yīng)該選它，因?yàn)楸３掷碇蔷鸵馕吨x好的不選壞的，選最合理的。
in such a world, we'd have most reason to wear black socks instead of pink socks,to eat cereal instead of donuts, to live in the city rather than the country, to marry betty instead of lolita. a world full of only easy choices would enslave us to reasons.
在這樣的世界里，我們有充足的理由去穿黑襪子而不穿粉色襪子，去吃干麥片不吃甜甜圈，去留在城市里不轉(zhuǎn)向鄉(xiāng)區(qū)，去娶betty而不娶lolita。充滿簡單抉擇的世界，會(huì)讓我們成為“原由”的奴隸。
when you think about it,it's nuts to believe that the reasons given to you dictated that you had most reason to pursue the e_act hobbies you do, to live in the e_act house you do, to work at the e_act job you do. instead, you faced alternatives that were on a par -- hard choices -- and you made reasons for yourself to choose that hobby, that house and that job.
當(dāng)你這樣想，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己一定是瘋了才會(huì)相信 擺在你面前的選擇會(huì)決定你追尋各種事物的理由，會(huì)決定你的愛好，讓你住現(xiàn)在的房子，讓你選現(xiàn)在的工作。事實(shí)上，當(dāng)你面對(duì)的是多個(gè)選擇，多個(gè)等價(jià)的選擇，困難的選擇，你會(huì)為自己制造理由來選擇這項(xiàng)愛好、這所房子和這份工作。
when alternatives are on a par, the reasons given to us, the ones that determine whether we're making a mistake, are silent as to what to do. it's here, in the space of hard choices, that we get to e_ercise our normative power -- the power to create reasons for yourself, to make yourself into the kind of person for whom country living is preferable to the urban life.
當(dāng)各選項(xiàng)等價(jià)時(shí)， 我們面前的各種理性原由， 這些讓我們分清對(duì)錯(cuò)的原由， 都無法給予我們一個(gè)答案。 唯有在這個(gè)有艱難抉擇的世界里， 我們才能鍛煉自己的 規(guī)范性力量，以創(chuàng)造自我的原由， 讓自己變成 心中想成為的人， 一種更喜愛鄉(xiāng)村生活而不是城市生活的人。
when we choose between options that are on a par, we can do something really rather remarkable. we can put our very selves behind an option. here's where i stand. here's who i am, i am for banking. i am for chocolate donuts.
當(dāng)我們需要在等價(jià)選項(xiàng)間抉擇時(shí)，我們能做出一些十分了不起的事。我們能把自身放在一個(gè)選項(xiàng)之后。(說道)這就是我的選擇，這就是我。我選銀行業(yè)。我選巧克力甜甜圈。
this response in hard choices is a rational response, but it's not dictated by reasons given to us. rather, it's supported by reasons created by us. when we create reasons for ourselves to become this kind of person rather than that, we wholeheartedly become the people that we are. you might say that we become the authors of our own lives.
在艱難抉擇中，這種反應(yīng)是一種理性反應(yīng)，但卻不是由我們面前的各種原由所決定的。反而，這是由我們自己創(chuàng)造的理由所支撐起來的。當(dāng)我們?yōu)樽晕覄?chuàng)造原由去成為這種人而非那種人時(shí)，我們就打心底里完完全全地成就了真正的自己。你可以說，我們成了譜寫自我人生篇章的作者。
so when we face hard choices, we shouldn't beat our head against a wall trying to figure out which alternative is better. there is no best alternative. instead of looking for reasons out there, we should be looking for reasons in here: who am i to be? you might decide to be a pink sock-wearing, cereal-loving, country-living banker, and i might decide to be a black sock-wearing, urban, donut-loving artist. what we do in hard choices is very much up to each of us.
所以當(dāng)面對(duì)艱難抉擇，不應(yīng)該拿腦袋撞墻絞盡腦汁地去想哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)更優(yōu)。最佳項(xiàng)并不存在。與其在外界苦命尋找理由，我們該往心里找： 我想成為什么樣的人?你可能會(huì)決定成為一個(gè)穿粉色襪子、愛好干麥片，還住在鄉(xiāng)村的銀行家。而我可能會(huì)決定成為一個(gè)穿黑襪子，住在城市里，喜歡吃甜甜圈的藝術(shù)家。面臨艱難抉擇時(shí)的反應(yīng)很大程度上 取決于我們自己每個(gè)人。
now, people who don't e_ercise their normative powers in hard choices are drifters. we all know people like that. i drifted into being a lawyer. i didn't put my agency behind lawyering. i wasn't for lawyering. drifters allow the world to write the story of their lives. they let mechanisms of reward and punishment -- pats on the head, fear, the easiness of an option -- to determine what they do. so the lesson of hard choices: reflect on what you can put your agency behind, on what you can be for, and through hard choices, become that person.
那些不鍛煉自己規(guī)范性力量的人會(huì)成為“漂流者”。我們都認(rèn)識(shí)那樣的人。我(被理性原由限定)“漂流”成了律師。我并沒有全身心投入到律師業(yè)務(wù)當(dāng)中。我不適合當(dāng)律師。漂流者允許這個(gè)世界譜寫他們的生命篇章(被拖著走)。他們讓獎(jiǎng)罰機(jī)制—— 鼓勵(lì)、畏懼、選擇的簡單性——來決定自己的道路。所以艱難抉擇教會(huì)我們要審視自己能把身心與精力放到何處，自己究竟追求什么，并通過困難抉擇來成為那種人。
far from being sources of agony and dread, hard choices are precious opportunities for us to celebrate what is special about the human condition, that the reasons that govern our choices as correct or incorrectsometimes run out, and it is here, in the space of hard choices, that we have the power to create reasons for ourselves to become the distinctive people that we are. and that's why hard choices are not a curse but a godsend.
艱難抉擇不是痛苦和恐懼的來源，而是難得的機(jī)遇讓我們慶幸人類有如此特殊的選擇權(quán)利，慶幸有時(shí)候區(qū)分選擇正誤的理性原由會(huì)用盡，而且，慶幸有在這個(gè)具有艱難抉擇的世界里，我們有能力去為自己創(chuàng)造理由，去成為與眾不同的自己。這就是為什么，艱難抉擇不是一種詛咒，而是天賜之物。
thank you.(applause)
謝謝(掌聲)
你該如何面對(duì)艱難的選擇觀后感
演講臺(tái)上，當(dāng)別人激情澎湃、出口成章的時(shí)候，你是不是想過：我什么時(shí)候能成為這樣的人?
生活中，當(dāng)聽到別人在談?wù)撃衬晨忌狭四乃聘咝?，做的什么工作，年薪多少的時(shí)候，你是不是想過：我什么時(shí)候能成為這樣的人?
當(dāng)你為此深夜輾轉(zhuǎn)反側(cè)、不能入眠的時(shí)候，有沒有反問過自己：我怎么樣才能成為那樣的人呢?
如何才能成為一個(gè)很厲害的人呢?
選擇自己愿意選擇的，即刻行動(dòng)，從工作核心區(qū)開始。
選擇自己愿意選擇的
做重大選擇時(shí)，應(yīng)該從終極問題出發(fā)，以人生最高目標(biāo)作為第一原則。ted上有個(gè)視頻叫：how to make hard choices，演講者是 ruth chang，她在里面提到做出選擇時(shí)，就是找出說服自己的理由，想想自己想成為怎樣的人，比較外界的因素，確實(shí)更為有效。有很多時(shí)候，選擇之所以艱難，就是因?yàn)槲覀儧]有想清楚自己到底想要的是什么，從自身找原因去做出選擇更有效。
借用哲學(xué)家朱莉安的一句話：只有尊重你放棄的選項(xiàng)，才能讓你選擇的選項(xiàng)變得更有價(jià)值。做選擇時(shí)就是進(jìn)行價(jià)值觀的衡量，應(yīng)該完全遵從自己的想法，選擇自己愿意選擇的選項(xiàng)。
在很多情況下，人們經(jīng)常會(huì)在一些選擇中面臨二選一，比如學(xué)生要畢業(yè)時(shí)會(huì)在考研還是去找工作之中做出決定，談戀愛時(shí)進(jìn)展到一定階段就會(huì)考慮應(yīng)該跟另一半結(jié)婚還是分手。當(dāng)你面臨兩個(gè)極端選擇時(shí)，第一步就是要學(xué)會(huì)不信任“是或否”式?jīng)Q定。你可能正在陷入了思維狹隘的誤區(qū)。需要跳出當(dāng)前的思維方式，試著去用不同的角度去考慮問題，比如可以去尋找兩個(gè)選擇之間的連接點(diǎn)把能力連接起來?用六頂思維帽來評(píng)估自己的誤區(qū)和其它可能，試著做出一些創(chuàng)造性的改造，總之，永遠(yuǎn)不要放棄尋找第三選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)樽詈玫倪x擇，往往來自在更高目標(biāo)指引下的我們的創(chuàng)造。
即使對(duì)一些重大選擇做出了錯(cuò)誤的決定，并也不代表你的人生就毀滅了，當(dāng)你把時(shí)間放到一生來看，人生就是一個(gè)不斷選擇再選擇的過程，等過上一段時(shí)間新的選擇也可能會(huì)顛覆原先那個(gè)關(guān)鍵的選擇，選擇本來也是可以被修正、被重塑的。不管你做了哪個(gè)選擇，你的某些東西或特質(zhì)是永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)改變的，只要你能堅(jiān)持自己的目標(biāo)，雖然走的是另一條路但最終都會(huì)帶著你走向同一個(gè)目的地。
即刻行動(dòng)
微信上曾發(fā)起過一個(gè)活動(dòng)叫100天行動(dòng)。在100天內(nèi)聚焦一個(gè)目標(biāo)，每天堅(jiān)持下去，最終培養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣。這個(gè)活動(dòng)目前有數(shù)十萬人參加，其中一個(gè)最常見的現(xiàn)象就是有人在加入這個(gè)活動(dòng)時(shí)，經(jīng)?？紤]太多的問題，比如選擇練字做為目標(biāo)，然后就考慮應(yīng)該練什么字帖，選什么筆，安排在什么時(shí)間，總想等到所有條件都合適或自己完全準(zhǔn)備好才會(huì)開始，而一旦有這樣的想法基本上都會(huì)拖延很長時(shí)間沒有開始，當(dāng)你要去完成一件事的時(shí)候，并且不知道應(yīng)該如何去做，最好的辦法就直接開始去做。只要開始了第一步，就會(huì)有第二步、第三步。就象剛才提到的練字，只要開始寫上幾天字，然后定期做一些總結(jié)和回顧，慢慢的就能找到符合自己的方法并且堅(jiān)持下去。
在行動(dòng)之后總會(huì)遇到各種各樣問題，但只要問題開始細(xì)化之后，就比較容易去解決。但如果你總是想準(zhǔn)備好之后再去行動(dòng)，那么你永遠(yuǎn)無法完全準(zhǔn)備好。
從工作核心區(qū)開始
任務(wù)分解的“三明治模型”
一個(gè)任務(wù)可以象三明治一樣分解成不同的類型和區(qū)域，對(duì)于我們所面臨的任務(wù)來說，絕大多數(shù)任務(wù)都有一個(gè)至關(guān)重要、通常也是最棘手的部分，這個(gè)部分需要我們集中精力、非常專注地進(jìn)行思考，然后將其破解。一旦這個(gè)部分被完成，那么這個(gè)任務(wù)就已經(jīng)完成了大半，余下的就是一些支持性的、補(bǔ)充性的工作。
當(dāng)你面臨一個(gè)比較艱巨的任務(wù)的時(shí)候，直接把任務(wù)切片，找出工作的核心區(qū)，然后開始調(diào)整自己的狀態(tài)、安排時(shí)間、環(huán)境，可以使用番茄工作法，利用專注不受干擾的、能純粹跳脫出來思考的、能達(dá)至“心流”狀態(tài)把最關(guān)鍵的“核心區(qū)”搞定，這個(gè)任務(wù)會(huì)比較容易被攻克。
對(duì)不同認(rèn)知類型的工作分層處理
人的大腦在對(duì)不同認(rèn)知類型進(jìn)行切換時(shí)，需要重新進(jìn)行調(diào)整，如在寫書時(shí)可以分為文字、圖片、排版，如果按常規(guī)方式進(jìn)行，一邊文字一邊排版，然后遇到配圖的地方，在找圖，這樣的效率就很低，但你把任務(wù)按類型進(jìn)行分解分為文字、插圖和排版，寫文字的時(shí)候就一路往下寫，對(duì)于需要插圖的地方，只是記下位置標(biāo)記和特征要點(diǎn)，待到一整章寫完后，才返回去加上插圖。最后再排版，象使用ps處理圖片中的圖層一樣進(jìn)行分層操作，效率就很會(huì)提高很多。
在處理多項(xiàng)任務(wù)的場景中。比如你現(xiàn)在有兩個(gè)任務(wù)要做，一個(gè)是寫一個(gè) word 文檔，另一個(gè)是做一個(gè)ppt，常規(guī)的做法是先把其中一個(gè)做完再做另一個(gè)，或者其中一個(gè)先做。一部分再換到另一個(gè)。而圖層工作法可以這么做，把 word 任務(wù)分解為word 文字、 word 圖示、word 排版三部分，把 ppt 分解為 ppt 文字、ppt 圖示、ppt 排版三部分。然后將相同認(rèn)知類型的工作組合在一起，處理的效率就會(huì)大大加快。
“圖層工作法”是完成一個(gè)復(fù)雜作品或者復(fù)雜項(xiàng)目的基礎(chǔ)，甚至可能是最有效的戰(zhàn)術(shù)，而對(duì)于習(xí)慣于制作簡單作品的我們來說，它也是幫助我們邁向更高行動(dòng)能力的一架梯子。正如德國思想家本雅明所說：“寫好散文要經(jīng)過三個(gè)臺(tái)階，一個(gè)是音樂的，這時(shí)它被構(gòu)思;一個(gè)是建筑的，這時(shí)它被搭建起來;最后一個(gè)是紡織的，這時(shí)它被織成?！?/p>
子曰：吾日三省吾身。要想成為一個(gè)很厲害的人，我們是不是也得經(jīng)常問問自己：是否選擇了自己愿意為之拼搏的選擇?選擇之后是否為之即刻付諸行動(dòng)?行動(dòng)是否張弛有度、條理分明?
第4篇 ted英語演講：你該如何面對(duì)艱難選擇
how to make hard choices
演講者：ruth chang
| 中英對(duì)照演講稿 |
think of a hard choice you'll face in the near future. it might be between two careers--artist and accountant--or places to live--the city or the country--or even between two people to marry--you could marry betty or you could marry lolita. or it might be a choice about whether to have children, to have an ailing parent move in with you, to raise your child in a religion that your partner lives by but leaves you cold. or whether to donate your life savings to charity.
設(shè)想在不久的未來，你將面對(duì)一個(gè)艱難的決定。這也許是在兩份職業(yè)中做出一個(gè)選擇，藝術(shù)家還是會(huì)計(jì)師;也許是選擇居住的地方，城市還是鄉(xiāng)村;也許是在兩個(gè)人中選擇和誰結(jié)婚，betty 或者是lolita;抑或思考是否要孩子;是否讓年老體衰的父母跟你一起住;是否讓你的孩子信奉你配偶信仰的宗教，即便你會(huì)因自身不信奉而被冷落;又或者說，是否將畢生積儲(chǔ)捐贈(zèng)給慈善機(jī)構(gòu)。
chances are, the hard choice you thought of was something big, something momentous, something that matters to you. hard choices seem to be occasions for agonizing, hand-wringing, the gnashing of teeth. but i think we've misunderstood hard choices and the role they play in our lives. understanding hard choicesuncovers a hidden power each of us possesses.
有可能，你所思考的這些艱難抉擇都十分龐大，十分重要你也十分重視。每當(dāng)困難的選擇出現(xiàn)，他都會(huì)讓你感到痛苦、絕望，讓你咬牙切齒。但我認(rèn)為我們誤解了艱難抉擇的定義，更誤解了其在我們生活中扮演的角色。倘若能理解這些艱難決定，我們每個(gè)人便會(huì)發(fā)掘出 一種隱藏的潛力。
what makes a choice hard is the way the alternatives relate. in any easy choice, one alternative is better than the other. in a hard choice, one alternative is better in some ways, the other alternative is better in other ways, and neither is better than the other overall. you agonize over whether to stay in your current job in the city or uproot your life for more challenging work in the country, because staying is better in some ways,moving is better in others, and neither is better than the other overall.
一個(gè)抉擇之所以難是由于選項(xiàng)之間相互關(guān)聯(lián)。任何簡單的抉擇中，總有一種選擇比另一種要好?？稍谄D難抉擇中，一種選擇在某些方面較好，另一種選擇在其他方面較好，二者各有千秋讓人無法定奪。你痛苦地糾結(jié)于應(yīng)該繼續(xù)呆在這座城市里干這份工作，還是改變一下你的生活方式到鄉(xiāng)村去接受更具挑戰(zhàn)性的工作，因?yàn)榱粝掠辛粝碌暮锰帲x開也有好處，兩種選擇各有千秋難以定奪。
we shouldn't think that all hard choices are big. let's say you're deciding what to have for breakfast. you could have high fiber bran cereal or a chocolate donut. suppose what matters in the choice is tastiness and healthfulness. the cereal is better for you, the donut tastes way better, but neither is better than the other overall, a hard choice.
我們不應(yīng)該認(rèn)為所有的艱難抉擇都很龐大。打個(gè)比方，你正決定吃什么早餐。你可以吃高纖維全谷干麥片，或者吃巧克力甜甜圈。假設(shè)在此抉擇中的決定性因素是美味程度和健康程度。麥片對(duì)你身體好，甜甜圈卻好吃很多，但兩者都有自身優(yōu)勢，這就是一個(gè)艱難抉擇。
realizing that small choices can also be hard, may make big hard choices seem less intractable. after all, we manage to figure out what to have for breakfast, so maybe we can figure out whether to stay in the city or uproot for the new job in the country.
如果意識(shí)到小的選擇也可能會(huì)變得困難，那面對(duì)大的艱難抉擇時(shí)我們可能就不會(huì)覺得那么棘手了。畢竟，我們總能決定早餐吃什么，所以我們也許能夠想明白，究竟要留在市區(qū)，還是到鄉(xiāng)下接手新的工作。
we also shouldn't think that hard choices are hard because we are stupid. when i graduated from college, i couldn't decide between two careers, philosophy and law. i really loved philosophy. there are amazing things you can learn as a philosopher, and all from the comfort of an armchair. but i came from a modest immigrant family where my idea of lu_ury was having a pork tongue and jelly sandwich in my school lunchbo_, so the thought of spending my whole life sitting around in armchairs just thinking ... well, that struck me as the height of e_travagance and frivolity.
同時(shí)，我們也不應(yīng)該覺得，選擇之所以難是因?yàn)樽约汉苡薮馈Ｔ谖覄偞髮W(xué)畢業(yè)的時(shí)候，我無法從兩種職業(yè)中抉擇，哲學(xué)還是法律。我真心喜歡哲學(xué)，若能成為哲學(xué)家，便能學(xué)到很多驚奇的東西，而且舒舒服服地坐在椅子上就好。可我出生自一個(gè)樸實(shí)簡素的移民家庭，我對(duì)奢侈的概念，就是能在上學(xué)的午餐盒里找到一塊豬舌和一份果凍三明治。所以這種一輩子僅坐在椅子上思考的想法，其實(shí)，對(duì)我來說只是一種奢侈和輕浮的假象罷了。
so i got out my yellow pad, i drew a line down the middle, and i tried my best to think of the reasons for and against each alternative. i remember thinking to myself, if only i knew what my life in each career would be like. if only god or netfli_ would send me a dvd of my two possible future careers, i'd be set. i'd compare them side by side, i'd see that one was better, and the choice would be easy.
所以我拿出自己黃色筆記本，在中間劃了一條線，然后竭盡所能地寫出每種選擇的利與弊。當(dāng)時(shí)我就想：如果能知道選擇某種職業(yè)后我的人生會(huì)變成怎樣就好了。如果上帝或者網(wǎng)飛公司能送我一張dvd來向我描述這兩種充滿可能性的職業(yè)生涯，那我就能做出選擇了。我就能一一對(duì)比，看看哪種更好，這樣一來抉擇就簡單多了。
but i got no dvd, and because i couldn't figure out which was better, i did what many of us do in hard choices: i took the safest option. fear of being an unemployed philosopher led me to become a lawyer, and as i discovered, lawyering didn't quite fit. it wasn't who i was.
但我沒有收到這種dvd，而且由于我實(shí)在想不出哪一種更優(yōu)，我就和大多數(shù)人一樣：選擇了最安全的一項(xiàng)。成為失業(yè)哲學(xué)家的恐懼，驅(qū)使我成了一名律師?？珊髞砦野l(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)律師不大適合我，這不是真正的我。
so now i'm a philosopher, and i study hard choices, and i can tell you, that fear of the unknown, while a common motivational default in dealing with hard choices, rests on a misconception of them.
所以我現(xiàn)在是名哲學(xué)家，我鉆研艱難抉擇，我可以告訴大家，對(duì)未知產(chǎn)生恐懼是在進(jìn)行困難抉擇時(shí)的自然反應(yīng)，而這種恐懼來源于對(duì)艱難抉擇的誤解。
it's a mistake to think that in hard choices, one alternative really is better than the other, but we're too stupid to know which, and since we don't know which, we might as well take the least risky option. even taking two alternatives side by side with full information, a choice can still be hard. hard choices are hard not because of us or our ignorance; they're hard because there is no best option.
我們不應(yīng)該認(rèn)為，在艱難抉擇中某種選擇總會(huì)會(huì)比另一種好，可我們自身太愚蠢，所以無法辨別，那既然我們無法定奪，倒不如選風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最小的那項(xiàng)。就算你完全了解了兩種選項(xiàng)并將其一一對(duì)照，你仍然很難決定。選擇之所以難，不是因?yàn)槲覀儫o知;難的原因在于沒有最優(yōu)選項(xiàng)。
now, if there's no best option, if the scales don't tip in favor of one alternative over another, then surely the alternatives must be equally good. so maybe the right thing to say in hard choices is that they're between equally good options. but that can't be right. if alternatives are equally good, you should just flip a coin between them, and it seems a mistake to think, here's how you should decide between careers, places to live, people to marry: flip a coin.
那么，如果沒有最佳項(xiàng)，如果衡量的天秤不會(huì)傾向于 任何一方，那么任何選項(xiàng)都一定是好的。所以面對(duì)艱難抉擇，可能正確的思維方式，就是認(rèn)為選項(xiàng)雙方一樣好。這種想法肯定不對(duì)。如果選項(xiàng)都一樣好，那還不如直接拋硬幣算了，這樣就會(huì)產(chǎn)生思想誤區(qū)，讓你認(rèn)為自己選擇事業(yè)、住處、婚嫁時(shí)都拋硬幣選擇就好了。
there's another reason for thinking that hard choices aren't choices between equally good options. suppose you have a choice between two jobs: you could be an investment banker or a graphic artist. there are a variety of things that matter in such a choice, like the e_citement of the work, achieving financial security,having time to raise a family, and so on.
還有另外一個(gè)原因，使艱難選擇并非是在同等好的選項(xiàng)中抉擇。 假設(shè)你要在兩份工作中挑選： 你可以做投資銀行家，或做平面設(shè)計(jì)師。在這個(gè)選擇當(dāng)中有頗多決定性因素，譬如工作帶來的興奮程度、能獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)保障、顧家時(shí)間等等。
maybe the artist's career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of pictorial e_pression. maybe the banking career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of financial manipulation.
也許藝術(shù)家這個(gè)職業(yè)能讓你接觸最前沿的圖像表達(dá)技術(shù)?；蛟S當(dāng)銀行家你就能接觸最前端的金融操縱手段。你可以想象任何兩種你喜歡的職業(yè)，但兩者都不會(huì)比另一方好的。
imagine the two jobs however you like, so that neither is better than the other.now suppose we improve one of them, a bit. suppose the bank, wooing you, adds 500 dollars a month to your salary. does the e_tra money now make the banking job better than the artist one? not necessarily. a higher salary makes the banking job better than it was before, but it might not be enough to make being a banker better than being an artist.
現(xiàn)在，假設(shè)我們能稍微改進(jìn)其中的一方。假設(shè)一間銀行嘗試討好你，在你的月薪里增加500美元。這一筆額外的金錢會(huì)不會(huì)讓這份銀行家的工作優(yōu)于當(dāng)藝術(shù)家呢?說不準(zhǔn)。更高的薪酬讓銀行家的工作優(yōu)于以前，但額外薪水不一定足夠讓成為銀行家變得比成為藝術(shù)家好。
but if an improvement in one of the jobs doesn't make it better than the other, then the two original jobs could not have been equally good. if you start with two things that are equally good, and you improve one of them, it now must be better than the other. that's not the case with options in hard choices.
可如果對(duì)其中一種職業(yè)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)后結(jié)果并沒有讓一方優(yōu)于另一方，那么兩種選擇本身就不可能是一樣好。如果兩件事一開始都同等的好 ，當(dāng)你改進(jìn)了其中一件，那它就一定會(huì)優(yōu)于另一個(gè)。在艱難抉擇中并非如此。
so now we've got a puzzle. we've got two jobs. neither is better than the other, nor are they equally good.so how are we supposed to choose? something seems to have gone wrong here. maybe the choice itself is problematic, and comparison is impossible. but that can't be right. it's not like we're trying to choose between two things that can't be compared. we're weighing the merits of two jobs, after all, not the merits of the number nine and a plate of fried eggs. a comparison of the overall merits of two jobs is something we can make, and one we often do make.
那么現(xiàn)在我們就有一個(gè)疑惑了。這兩份工作，沒有一方能完勝另一方，但又不是同等的好。究竟該怎么選擇呢? 貌似有些事情出錯(cuò)了?？赡苓x項(xiàng)的本身就存在問題，導(dǎo)致我們無法比較。但這也不對(duì)啊。我們并不是要在兩種不能被對(duì)比的事物間選擇。我們說到底是在衡量兩份工作的利弊，不是對(duì)比數(shù)字9和 一盤煎雞蛋的好處。對(duì)比兩份工作的總體優(yōu)勢是我們能做到的，也是我們經(jīng)常做的事。
i think the puzzle arises because of an unreflective assumption we make about value. we unwittingly assume that values like justice, beauty, kindness, are akin to scientific quantities, like length, mass and weight. take any comparative question not involving value, such as which of two suitcases is heavier. there are only three possibilities.
我認(rèn)為疑惑產(chǎn)生的原因源于一種我們對(duì)價(jià)值的草率設(shè)想。我們不知不覺地認(rèn)為，諸如正義、美麗、善良的價(jià)值觀都與一些科學(xué)度量類似，都能被量度，譬如長度、質(zhì)量、重量。試想一個(gè)與價(jià)值觀毫不相關(guān)的比較，例如兩個(gè)行李箱中哪個(gè)更重。僅有三種可能性。
the weight of one is greater, lesser or equal to the weight of the other. properties like weight can be represented by real numbers -- one, two, three and so on -- and there are only three possible comparisons between any two real numbers. one number is greater, lesser, or equal to the other.not so with values.
其中一個(gè)的重量大于、小于 或等于另一個(gè)。像重量這樣的性質(zhì)能夠用真實(shí)的數(shù)字來表達(dá)——1,2,3…… 而且在兩個(gè)數(shù)字間的比較中只有三種可能。一個(gè)數(shù)字大于、小于或等于另一個(gè)數(shù)字價(jià)值觀卻不是如此。
as post-enlightenment creatures, we tend to assume that scientific thinking holds the key to everything of importance in our world, but the world of value is different from the world of science. the stuff of the one world can be quantified by real numbers. the stuff of the other world can't. we shouldn't assume that the world of is, of lengths and weights, has the same structure as the world of ought, of what we should do.
作為后啟蒙時(shí)期的生物，我們總是設(shè)想科學(xué)思維可以解決世界上一切重要的問題，但價(jià)值觀的世界不同于科學(xué)的世界?？茖W(xué)界中， 一切事物可被數(shù)字度量?？蓛r(jià)值觀的世界中卻不能。我們不能認(rèn)為充斥著“是否”、“長度”和“重量”的數(shù)字世界與“該不該”和“該做什么”的價(jià)值世界有著同樣的架構(gòu)。
so if what matters to us -- a child's delight, the love you have for your partner — can't be represented by real numbers, then there's no reason to believe that in choice, there are only three possibilities -- that one alternative is better, worse or equal to the other. we need to introduce a new, fourth relation beyond being better, worse or equal, that describes what's going on in hard choices. i like to say that the alternatives are 'on a par.'
所以，如果我們覺得重要的東西，如：孩子的幸福、對(duì)另一半的愛，不能用數(shù)字來表示， 那么我們就沒有理由相信， 在抉擇過程中只有三種可能性： 其中一選項(xiàng)總會(huì)優(yōu)于、劣于或等于另一項(xiàng)。我們需要一種全新的思考維度，第四種關(guān)系除了優(yōu)于、劣于和等于之外，第四種關(guān)系能描述艱難抉擇的運(yùn)行模式。我偏好把各選項(xiàng)看做 “等價(jià)”。
when alternatives are on a par, it may matter very much which you choose, but one alternative isn't better than the other. rather, the alternatives are in the same neighborhood of value, in the same league of value, while at the same time being very different in kind of value. that's why the choice is hard.
當(dāng)所有選項(xiàng)等價(jià)時(shí)，你的選擇就變得極為重要，但選項(xiàng)本身卻沒有哪個(gè)比其他的好。反之，所有的選擇項(xiàng)都有類似的價(jià)值，都處于同一種價(jià)值范疇當(dāng)中，但同時(shí)他們又具有不同的價(jià)值。這正是讓選擇變得困難的原因。
understanding hard choices in this way uncovers something about ourselves we didn't know. each of us has the power to create reasons. imagine a world in which every choice you face is an easy choice, that is, there's always a best alternative. if there's a best alternative, then that's the one you should choose,because part of being rational is doing the better thing rather than the worse thing, choosing what you have most reason to choose.
如此理解艱難抉擇，我們就會(huì)在自己身上發(fā)現(xiàn)一些意料之外的東西。我們每個(gè)人都有能力去創(chuàng)造理由。想象一下若在某個(gè)世界中你只需面對(duì)簡單抉擇，那么，永遠(yuǎn)都有最佳項(xiàng)。若有最佳項(xiàng)，你就應(yīng)該選它，因?yàn)楸３掷碇蔷鸵馕吨x好的不選壞的，選最合理的。
in such a world, we'd have most reason to wear black socks instead of pink socks,to eat cereal instead of donuts, to live in the city rather than the country, to marry betty instead of lolita. a world full of only easy choices would enslave us to reasons.
在這樣的世界里，我們有充足的理由去穿黑襪子而不穿粉色襪子，去吃干麥片不吃甜甜圈，去留在城市里不轉(zhuǎn)向鄉(xiāng)區(qū)，去娶betty而不娶lolita。充滿簡單抉擇的世界，會(huì)讓我們成為“原由”的奴隸。
when you think about it,it's nuts to believe that the reasons given to you dictated that you had most reason to pursue the e_act hobbies you do, to live in the e_act house you do, to work at the e_act job you do. instead, you faced alternatives that were on a par -- hard choices -- and you made reasons for yourself to choose that hobby, that house and that job.
當(dāng)你這樣想，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己一定是瘋了才會(huì)相信 擺在你面前的選擇會(huì)決定你追尋各種事物的理由，會(huì)決定你的愛好，讓你住現(xiàn)在的房子，讓你選現(xiàn)在的工作。事實(shí)上，當(dāng)你面對(duì)的是多個(gè)選擇，多個(gè)等價(jià)的選擇，困難的選擇，你會(huì)為自己制造理由來選擇這項(xiàng)愛好、這所房子和這份工作。
when alternatives are on a par, the reasons given to us, the ones that determine whether we're making a mistake, are silent as to what to do. it's here, in the space of hard choices, that we get to e_ercise our normative power -- the power to create reasons for yourself, to make yourself into the kind of person for whom country living is preferable to the urban life.
當(dāng)各選項(xiàng)等價(jià)時(shí)， 我們面前的各種理性原由， 這些讓我們分清對(duì)錯(cuò)的原由， 都無法給予我們一個(gè)答案。 唯有在這個(gè)有艱難抉擇的世界里， 我們才能鍛煉自己的 規(guī)范性力量，以創(chuàng)造自我的原由， 讓自己變成 心中想成為的人， 一種更喜愛鄉(xiāng)村生活而不是城市生活的人。
when we choose between options that are on a par, we can do something really rather remarkable. we can put our very selves behind an option. here's where i stand. here's who i am, i am for banking. i am for chocolate donuts.
當(dāng)我們需要在等價(jià)選項(xiàng)間抉擇時(shí)，我們能做出一些十分了不起的事。我們能把自身放在一個(gè)選項(xiàng)之后。(說道)這就是我的選擇，這就是我。我選銀行業(yè)。我選巧克力甜甜圈。
this response in hard choices is a rational response, but it's not dictated by reasons given to us. rather, it's supported by reasons created by us. when we create reasons for ourselves to become this kind of person rather than that, we wholeheartedly become the people that we are. you might say that we become the authors of our own lives.
在艱難抉擇中，這種反應(yīng)是一種理性反應(yīng)，但卻不是由我們面前的各種原由所決定的。反而，這是由我們自己創(chuàng)造的理由所支撐起來的。當(dāng)我們?yōu)樽晕覄?chuàng)造原由去成為這種人而非那種人時(shí)，我們就打心底里完完全全地成就了真正的自己。你可以說，我們成了譜寫自我人生篇章的作者。
so when we face hard choices, we shouldn't beat our head against a wall trying to figure out which alternative is better. there is no best alternative. instead of looking for reasons out there, we should be looking for reasons in here: who am i to be? you might decide to be a pink sock-wearing, cereal-loving, country-living banker, and i might decide to be a black sock-wearing, urban, donut-loving artist. what we do in hard choices is very much up to each of us.
所以當(dāng)面對(duì)艱難抉擇，不應(yīng)該拿腦袋撞墻絞盡腦汁地去想哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)更優(yōu)。最佳項(xiàng)并不存在。與其在外界苦命尋找理由，我們該往心里找： 我想成為什么樣的人?你可能會(huì)決定成為一個(gè)穿粉色襪子、愛好干麥片，還住在鄉(xiāng)村的銀行家。而我可能會(huì)決定成為一個(gè)穿黑襪子，住在城市里，喜歡吃甜甜圈的藝術(shù)家。面臨艱難抉擇時(shí)的反應(yīng)很大程度上 取決于我們自己每個(gè)人。
now, people who don't e_ercise their normative powers in hard choices are drifters. we all know people like that. i drifted into being a lawyer. i didn't put my agency behind lawyering. i wasn't for lawyering. drifters allow the world to write the story of their lives. they let mechanisms of reward and punishment -- pats on the head, fear, the easiness of an option -- to determine what they do. so the lesson of hard choices: reflect on what you can put your agency behind, on what you can be for, and through hard choices, become that person.
那些不鍛煉自己規(guī)范性力量的人會(huì)成為“漂流者”。我們都認(rèn)識(shí)那樣的人。我(被理性原由限定)“漂流”成了律師。我并沒有全身心投入到律師業(yè)務(wù)當(dāng)中。我不適合當(dāng)律師。漂流者允許這個(gè)世界譜寫他們的生命篇章(被拖著走)。他們讓獎(jiǎng)罰機(jī)制—— 鼓勵(lì)、畏懼、選擇的簡單性——來決定自己的道路。所以艱難抉擇教會(huì)我們要審視自己能把身心與精力放到何處，自己究竟追求什么，并通過困難抉擇來成為那種人。
far from being sources of agony and dread, hard choices are precious opportunities for us to celebrate what is special about the human condition, that the reasons that govern our choices as correct or incorrectsometimes run out, and it is here, in the space of hard choices, that we have the power to create reasons for ourselves to become the distinctive people that we are. and that's why hard choices are not a curse but a godsend.
艱難抉擇不是痛苦和恐懼的來源，而是難得的機(jī)遇讓我們慶幸人類有如此特殊的選擇權(quán)利，慶幸有時(shí)候區(qū)分選擇正誤的理性原由會(huì)用盡，而且，慶幸有在這個(gè)具有艱難抉擇的世界里，我們有能力去為自己創(chuàng)造理由，去成為與眾不同的自己。這就是為什么，艱難抉擇不是一種詛咒，而是天賜之物。
thank you.(applause)
謝謝(掌聲)
